Emphysema

A progressive, irreversible degenerative disease of the lungs that reduces the body’s ability to get enough oxygen.  The avioli (air sacs in which the carbon dioxide in the bloodstream is exchanged for oxygen) become damaged by tobacco smoke and other pollutants, such as dust.  Early symptoms are usually shortness of breath during moderate exercise, such as walking, dry coughing, and wheezing.  Symptoms intensify as the disease progresses.  Difficulty breathing leads to chronic fatigue, loss of appetite, and weight loss, and swelling of the lower limbs.  The damage done cannot be reversed, but treatment may relieve some symptoms, at least temporarily.  Bronchodialator drugs help relax bronchial passages to relieve coughing and shortness of breath.  Inhaled or oral cortosteroids help combat inflammation of the lung tissues, but may have adverse side effects, such as brittle bones or high blood pressure.  Many patients require supplemental oxygen.  Severe cases may require surgery.